英语语法：初中英语动词时态和语态讲解

[03-22 16:24:25]   来源：http://www.wenxue9.com  初中英语语法   阅读：8555次

概要：I have been working here for three years.但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思I have been writing a letter.注意：表示短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go 等）不能用这种时态。www.wenxue9.com （二） 动词语态1． 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时， 谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。1） 一般现在时：You are required to do this.2） 一般过去时：The story was told by her.3） 一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.4） 现在进行时：The road is being widened. 5） 过去进行时：The new tool was being made.6） 现在完成时：The novel has been read.

英语语法：初中英语动词时态和语态讲解,标签：初中英语语法大全,初中英语语法讲解,http://www.wenxue9.com
I have been working here for three years.
但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思
I have been writing a letter.
注意：表示短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go 等）不能用这种时态。


www.wenxue9.com （二） 动词语态
1． 当句子的主语是动作的执行者时， 谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动作语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。
1） 一般现在时：You are required to do this.
2） 一般过去时：The story was told by her.
3） 一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
4） 现在进行时：The road is being widened.
5） 过去进行时：The new tool was being made.
6） 现在完成时：The novel has been read.
7） 过去完成时：He said that the work had been finished.
8） 过去将来时：He said that the trees would be planted soon.
2. 一些特殊的被动结构
1） 带情态动词的被动结构：The problem must be solved soon.
2） 带不定式的被动结构：The room is going to be painted.
The homework needs to be done with care.
3) 短语动词的被动：
a.（不及物）动词+介词：若这类短语动词是及物性的，则可用于被动语态中，如：laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若这类短语动词是不及物性的则不可用于被动语态中，如：book up, look down. 等
b.（及物）动词+副词：bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等
c. 动词+副词 +介词：do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make up with等
d. 动词+名词+介词：catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等
4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。We always keep the classroom clean.
(比较：The classroom is always kept clean.)
5)主动形式表示被动意义的词。常见的有：
a.主动形式，这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系。
The children need looking after.
The windows wants /requires repairing.
This point deserves mentioning.
b.有些及物动词后须加副词 （如：well, easily等）， 有些可不加，如：act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。
The cloth washes/ sells well.
The door won’t shut. The play won’t act.
c. 形容词worth后直接加动名词时，如：The book is worth reading twice.
某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。
The fish is not fit to eat.
d. 某些感官动词（如：feel, look, prove, smell , sound, taste, wear等） 与形容词连用时：The water feels very cold.
The dish tastes delicious.
6) 以下动词构成的句子不能改为被动句：
a. 动词leave, enter, reach 等的宾语是表示处所、地点（国家、团体，组织、军队）等。
b. 表示状态的动词，如：become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。
c. 下列不及物动词及短语：appear, belong to , break out, die, happen, lie, occur, rise, take place, agree with, belong to, consist of , have on, keep up with 及一些固定词组，如 keep words, lose heart, make a face等。
d. 宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源代词，不定式，动名词，抽象名词等。
7）汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：
据说…… 希望……
据推测说… 必须承认……
必须指出… 众所周知……
有人会说….. 大家认为…..
有人相信……

there be 小结
1. 基本结构 ：There be +主语 + 地点 /时间状语。如：　There is a computer in the room. 房间里有一台电脑。　There are two TV plays every evening. 每晚有两场电视剧。
2. 主谓一致：　要采取就近一致原则，和* 近be的主语一致。如：　There is a pen, two rulers in the box. 盒子里有一只钢笔，两把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate. 门口有两个男孩，一个老师。
3. 主语后的动词形式：在there be 句型中，主语与动词是主动关系时用现在分词；是被动关系时用过去分词。如：　There is a purse lying on the ground. 地上有一个钱包。There are five minutes left now. 现在还有5分钟。
4. 反意疑问句。反意疑问句应与there be对应，而不是依据主语。如：There is a radio on the table, isn't there? 桌子上有一台收音机，是吧？ There are more than fifty classes in your school, aren't there? 你们班有50多名学生，是吧？
5. there be 与have的替换：there be表示所属时可与have替换。　There is nothing but a book in my bag. =I have nothing but a book in my bag. 包里只有一本书。
　6. there be后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：There is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要做。注意：当该句型主语是something, anything, nothing等不定代词时，后面的不定式用主动形式或被动形式，意义各不同。　There is nothing to do. 没有事可做。　There is nothing to be done. 没有办法(束手无策)。
7. 与其它词连用，构成复合谓语。如：There may be a rain this afternoon. 今天下午可能有雨。There used to be a cinema here before the war. 战争之前，这儿有一家电影院。

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